2023ÄêÊÇFDAÏÖ´ú»¯·¨°¸2.0£¨The FDA Modernization Act 2.0£©ÊµÑéµÄÊ׸öÍêÕûÄê¶È¡£·¨°¸µÄÒ»´óת±äÔÚÓÚ×÷·ÏÁËÁÙ´²Ç°ÊÔÑé±ØÐèʹÓö¯ÎïµÄ»®¶¨£¬È¡¶ø´úÖ®µÄÊÇ·ÇÁÙ´²²âÊÔºÍÊÔÑé £¨nonclinical tests and studies£©¡£×Ô´Ë£¬ÑÓÐø80¶àÄêµÄÒ½Ò©Ñз¢Á÷³Ì½«±»Ç㸲¡£
ÕâÒ»¼Æ»®»ñµÃÁ˹²ºÍµ³ºÍÃñÖ÷µ³µÄÆÕ±éÖ§³Ö£¬È¡µÃÁË392:28µÄѹµ¹ÐÔͶƱЧ¹û¡£Ìá³ö¸Ã·¨°¸µÄKentuckyÒéÔ±Rand PaulÌåÏÖ£º¡°The FDA Modernization Act 2.0will?accelerate innovation and get safer, more effective drugs to market more quickly?by cutting red tape that is not supported by current science.¡±
Àå¸ïµÄȪԴÔÚÓÚ¹ýÍù¶¯ÎïÄ£×ӵĵÍЧ¡£Á¢ÒìÒ©¿ª·¢£¬Í¨³£ÐèÒª10ÄêÒÔÉÏʱ¼ä¡¢Æ½¾ùͶ×Ê 10 ÒÚÃÀÔª£¬²¢ÇÒ´Ó1ÆÚÁÙ´²µ½»ñµÃÃÀ¹úFDAÅú×¼ÉÏÊеÄÀÖ³ÉÂʽöΪ7.9%¡£»ùÓÚ¶¯ÎïÊÔÑéµÄÓÐÓÃÐÔºÍÇå¾²ÐԴ󲿷ÖÎÞ·¨ÔÚÈËÌåÈ¡µÃÀàËƵÄЧ¹û£¬ÌØÊâÊÇÖÖÊôÌØÕ÷¸üÇ¿µÄÉúÎïÖÆÆ·ºÍÉúÎïÀàËÆÒ©ÁìÓò£¬µ¼ÖÂÁ¢ÒìÒ©Ñз¢Àú³ÌµÍЧ»ºÂý¡£
ÎÒÃÇÕý´¦ÔÚÏÖ´úÒ©Î↑·¢µÄÏÂÒ»¸ö½×¶Î£¬FDAµÄÏÖ´ú»¯ÊÇÕâÒ»Ç÷ÊƵĴ߻¯¼Á¡£ÀàÆ÷¹Ù¡¢Î¢Á÷¿Ø¡¢ÅÌËã»ú½¨Ä£µÈÊÖÒÕÓÐÍû³ÉΪÏÂÒ»¸ö80ÄêÒ½Ò©¿ª·¢µÄбê×¼¡£
1.¡°×÷ÓýÃóÖеÄ΢Æ÷¹Ù¡±
Ä£ÄâÈËÌåÇéÐÎÊÇÉúÎïÒ½Ò©Ä£×Ó×îʵÖʵĹ¦Ð§¡£»ùÓÚ¸Éϸ°ûºÍ·¢ÓýÉúÎïѧµÄÑо¿£¬ÏÖ´úÉúÎïѧÒѾÄܹ»×öµ½Ä£Äâ×ÔÈ»·¢ÓýÀú³Ì£¬ÔÚ×÷ÓýÃóÖÐÑø³ö¡°Ï¸Ð¡Æ÷¹Ù¡±£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÀàÆ÷¹Ù¡£
ÀàÆ÷¹Ù(Organoid)ÊÇÓɸÉϸ°û£¨¶àÄÜ¡¢³ÉÌå¸Éϸ°û£©ÔÚÌåÍâ3D×÷ÓýÏÂͨ¹ýÔöÖ³¡¢·Ö½âºÍ×ÔÎÒ×éÖ¯ÐγɵÄ΢¹ÛÈýά½á¹¹£¬ÓëÔÉú×éÖ¯ÔÚϸ°ûÀàÐÍ¡¢½á¹¹¼°¹¦Ð§ÉÏÏàËÆ¡£ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÓµÓÐ×ÔÎÒ¸üÐÂÄÜÁ¦£¬Î¬³ÖÁËȪԴ×éÖ¯µÄÐÄÀí½á¹¹ºÍ¹¦Ð§Ìص㣬ӵÓС°×÷ÓýÃóÖеÄ΢Æ÷¹Ù¡±Ö®³Æ¡£
¹Å°å¶¯ÎïÄ£×ÓÈçСÊó£¬ÓÉÓÚÖÖÊô²î±ð£¬ÔÚϸ°û¡¢ÒÅ´«¡¢ÃâÒßˮƽ¼°Ò©´ú¶¯Á¦Ñ§µÈ·½Ãæ²î±ðÖش󣬵¼Ö¶ÔÏÖʵÈËÌå·´Ó¦Õ¹ÍûÄÜÁ¦½Ï²î¡£¶ø·ÇÈËÁ鳤ÀදÎï¼ÛÇ®ÌÚ¹ó¡¢ÇÒÄÑÒÔ¾ÙÐиßͨÁ¿É¸Ñ¡£¬Ó¦ÓÃÊÜÏÞ¡£
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÓÅÊÆÔÚÓÚ£¨1£©ÈËÔ´ÐÔ£º´ú±íÁ˲¿·ÖÈËÌåÐÄÀí£»£¨2£©×÷ÓýѸËÙ£ºÀ´×ÔÓÚÈ˳ÉÌå¸Éϸ°ûºÍ¶àÐÑĿϸ°ûµÄÀàÆ÷¹Ù¿ÉÒÔѸËÙ¡¢ÈÝÒ×»ñµÃ£¬Ò»Ñùƽ³£×÷ÓýÒ»ÖÜÖ®ºó¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¾ÙÐÐҩɸ£»£¨3£©¸ßͨÁ¿£ºÐÔ×ÓÎȹ̣¬¿ÉÔÚ¿×°åÉϾÙÐдó¹æÄ£»ùÒò×éɸ²éºÍÒ©Îïɸѡ£»£¨4£©¿ÉÒÅ´«²Ù¿Ø£º´ó´ó¶¼ÏÖ´ú»ùÒò¹¤³Ì¹¤¾ß¿ÉÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÓÕµ¼¶àÐÑĿϸ°û»òÖ±½ÓÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÀàÆ÷¹Ùϵͳ£»£¨5£©¸öÌ廯£ºÀàÆ÷¹Ù¿ÉÒÔ´Ó¸öÌå»ñµÃ£¬Ñо¿Ð§¹û¿ÉÖ±½Ó¶ÔÓ¦µ½¸öÌåÐÅÏ¢¡£
1.1 »ù´¡¿ÆÑÐ
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÒѾÓÃÓÚ˳Ӧ֢ÍØչƫÏò¡£ÓÉÓÚÒÑ»ñÅúÒ©ÎïµÄ¶¾ÀíѧÊý¾ÝÍêÉÆ£¬ÆäÓÐÓÃÐÔ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÀàÆ÷¹ÙÑéÖ¤£¬Ñ¸ËÙÍÆÈëÁÙ´²ÊÔÑé½×¶Î¡£¾ÝϤ£¬º£ÄÚij×ÅÃûÒ½Ò©ÉÏÊй«Ë¾Í¨¹ý½¨É蹬¾±°©ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÄ£×Ó£¬ÌåÍâÆÀ²âOÒ©ºÍ²âÊÔÒ©ÎïµÄÓÐÓÃÐÔ£¬½«Ò»¿îPD-1Ò©Îï˳Ӧ֢´Ó·Î°©À©Õ¹µ½¹¬¾±°©£¬²¢ÀֳɻñÅúÉÏÊС£
»¼ÕßȪԴµÄÖ×ÁöÀàÆ÷¹ÙµÄ±íÐͺͻùÒòÐÍÆÊÎöÏÔʾÓëÔ·¢»¼ÕßÖ×Áö¸ß¶ÈÏàËÆ£¬ÔÚÓÃÒ©Ö¸µ¼·½ÃæÒÑ»ñµÃÑéÖ¤¡£
2018Ä꣬¡¶Science¡·ÔÓÖ¾ÉϽÒÏþÁËÑо¿Ð§¹û£¬ÔÚÕ¹Íû¿¹°©Ò©ÎïµÄÓÐÓÃÐÔºÍÖ¸µ¼ÁÙ´²ÓÃÒ©·½Ã棬Ó뻼ÕßÏÖʵÁÆЧ¾ÙÐбÈÕÕ£¬ÀàÆ÷¹ÙµÖ´ïÁË100%Ãô¸ÐÐÔ¡¢93%ÌØÒìÐÔ¡¢88%ÑôÐÔÕ¹ÍûÖµÒÔ¼°100%ÒõÐÔÕ¹ÍûÖµ¡£
2019Ä꣬¡¶Science Translational Medicine¡·½ÒÏþÑо¿Ð§¹û£¬ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÔÚÒ©ÎïɸѡµÄЧ¹ûÓëÁÙ´²²¡È˵ÄҩЧЧ¹ûÒ»ÖÂÐÔÄܹ»Áè¼Ý80%£¬ÏÔ×ÅÓÅÓÚÒÔÍù²»µ½30%µÄЧ¹ûÒ»ÖÂÐÔ¡£
2020Ä꣬¡¶Cell Stem Cell¡·½ÒÏþÑо¿Ð§¹û£¬ IIIÆÚÁÙ´²ÊÔÑéµÄ¾Ö²¿ÍíÆÚÖ±³¦°©»¼Õß·Å»¯ÁÆ·´Ó¦ÓëÓëÏìÓ¦µÄÀàÆ÷¹Ù·´Ó¦¸ß¶ÈÆ¥Å䣬׼ȷÂÊ´ï84.43%£¬Ãô¸ÐÐÔ´ï78.01%£¬ÌØÒìÐÔ´ï91.97%¡£
Æ÷¹ÙÒÆÖ²Ò»Ö±ÃæÁÙÒÆÖ²Æ÷¹ÙǷȱ¡¢ÉíÌåÃâÒßÅÅÒì·´Ó¦¼°ÏµÁÐÂ×ÀíÎÊÌâ¡£ÀàÆ÷¹Ù¾ßÓÐ×éÖ¯ÐÞ¸´µÄDZÁ¦£¬¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊÇÌåÍâ×÷ÓýÆ÷¹ÙµÄ΢ÐÍ°æºÍ¼ò»¯°æ£¬»ùÓÚ×ÔÌåϸ°û±¬·¢µÄÀàÆ÷¹ÙÓÐÏ£Íû½µµÍ´¥·¢ÃâÒßÅÅÒì·´Ó¦µÄ¸ÅÂÊ¡£
2021Ä꣬½£ÇÅ´óѧÍŶÓÔÚ¡¶Sciences¡·ÉϽÒÏþÑо¿Åú×¢£¬µ¨¹ÜÀàÆ÷¹Ùͨ¹ýÇéÐÎÍâÔڴ̼¤»Ö¸´Ï¸°û¶àÑùÐÔ£¬ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÒÆÖ²µ½µ¨¹ÜÊܵ½»¯Ñ§ËðÉ˵ÄСÊóÌåÄÚ£¬ÄܺͲî±ð²¿Î»µÄµ¨¹ÜÍŽáÔÙÉúÊÜËð×éÖ¯£¬Ð¡Êó˳Ëì´æ»î¡£ÔÚÈý¸ö²»´ïÒÆÖ²±ê×¼µÄ¹©¸ÎÖУ¬Ò²ÏÔʾÔÚÒÆÖ²ÏìÓ¦µÄÀàÆ÷¹Ùºó¸ÎµÄÊÜËð¹ÜµÀ»Ö¸´Á˹¦Ð§¡£
2.ºñ»ý±¡·¢ δÀ´ÒÑÀ´?
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÔ´×ÔÓÚ¸Éϸ°û¼°·¢ÓýÉúÎïѧÑо¿£¬2000ÄêÍ·¸Éϸ°ûÏà¹ØÑо¿ÈçiPSC£¬Ê¹µÃ×÷Óý΢ÐÍÆ÷¹ÙÀíÂÛ»ù´¡Öð½¥ÍêÕû£¬×ªÕÛµãÀ´×ÔHans CleversÍŶӵÄЧ¹û¡£
2009Ä꣬Hans CleversÍŶÓδÀ´×ÔСÊ󳦵ÀµÄLgr5+³¦µÀ³ÉÌå¸Éϸ°ûÌí¼ÓWntÐźÅͨ·¼¤¶¯¼ÁR-spondin¡¢TGF-¦ÂÒÖÖƼÁNoggin¡¢±íƤÉú³¤Òò×ӵȸÉϸ°ûÐëÒªÉú³¤Òò×Ó£¬ÀÖ³É×÷Óý³öС³¦ÀàÆ÷¹Ù£¬²¢ÇÒ¾ßÓг¦ÒþÎÑ-ÈÞë½á¹¹¡£¿çʱ´úµÄ¸Ä±äÔÚÓÚ½¨ÉèÁ˿ɸ´ÖƵÄÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷Óýϵͳ¡£
ÔÚ´ËÖ®ºó£¬Í¨¹ýµ÷½âÉú³¤Òò×Ó¡¢ÐÞ¸Äϸ°ûÊèÉ¢Á÷³Ì£¬Î¸³¦µÀ¡¢Ê³¹Ü¡¢¸ÎÔà¡¢ÒÈÏÙ¡¢ÄÔ¡¢·Î¡¢Ç°ÏßÏÙ¡¢ÈéÏÙ¡¢Æ¤·ô¡¢ÉöÔà¡¢ÐÄÔࡢζÀÙ¡¢ÍÙÒºÏÙ¡¢½ÇĤµÈ¶àÖÖÀàÆ÷¹ÙÄ£×Ó½ÐøÀֳɹ¹½¨¡£ÀàÆ÷¹Ù½øÈëÏÖ´ú»¯½×¶Î¡£
Ëæºó£¬ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÖð½¥½øÈëÒ©ÎïÑз¢µÈÓ¦ÓÃÁìÓò¡£2015Ä꣬Hans CleversÍŶӹ¹½¨ÁË»¼ÕßȪԴµÄ½áÖ±³¦°©ÀàÆ÷¹Ù£¬¾ÙÐÐÁËС¹æÄ£Ò©ÎïÃô¸ÐÐÔɸѡ£¬ÌáÐÑÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕ¿ÉÒÔÌî²¹°©Ö¢ÒÅ´«Ñ§ºÍ»¼ÕßÊÔÑéÖ®¼äµÄ¿Õȱ£¬¹ØÓÚÒ©ÎïÑз¢Ä£×ÓÀ´ËµÊÇÒ»¸öºÜºÃµÄÔö²¹£¬²¢¿ÉÒÔÕë¶Ô¸öÌ廼ÕßÉè¼Æ¸öÐÔ»¯µÄÖÎÁƼƻ®¡£
2.1 Õþ²ß¼ÓËÙ¹¤ÒµÂäµØ
2019Ä꣬Æð¾¢Íƶ¯°üÀ¨ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÔÚÄÚµÄÌåÍ⹤³Ì»¯Î¢ÏµÍ³Ó¦ÓÃÓÚÒ©ÎïÁÙ´²Ç°Ñо¿¡£
2021Ä꣬ÃãÀøÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷Ϊ¶ùͯÖ×ÁöÄ£×Ó¡£FDAÖ×Áö׿ԽÖÐÐÄ·¢ÎÄ£¬¹ØÓÚ´ó´ó¶¼¶ùͯÖ×ÁöµÄÑо¿ºÍÒ©Î↑·¢£¬ÓÉÓÚȱ·¦Ñо¿Ä£×Ó£¬ÃãÀøʹÓû¼ÕßȪԴµÄÒìÖÖÒÆֲģ×Ó¡¢ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÄ£×Ó¿ªÕ¹Ñо¿¡£
2022Ä꣬FDAÏÖ´ú»¯·¨°¸2.0ͨ¹ý£¬Alternative Methods Working Group½¨É裬ÒÔÌÖÂÛȫеÄÌåÍâ¡¢ÌåÄÚÑо¿ÒªÁì¡£
2021Äêµ×CDE£¨¹ú¼ÒÒ©Æ·¼àÊÓÖÎÀí¾ÖÒ©Æ·ÉóÆÀÖÐÐÄ£©Ê״ν«ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÁÐÈëCGT²úÆ·µÄÒ©Àíѧ¡¢ÓÐÓÃÐÔºÍÇå¾²ÐÔÆÀ¹Àµ±ÖС£
ÆäÖС¶»ùÒòÖÎÁƼ°Õë¶Ô»ùÒòÐÞÊÎϸ°ûÖÎÁƲúÆ·µÄÖ¸µ¼ÔÔò£¨ÊÔÐУ©¡·Ö¸³ö£¬Õë¶Ô»ùÒòÐÞÊÎϸ°ûÖÎÁƲúÆ·¡°µ±È±ÉÙÏà¹Ø¶¯ÎïÄ£×Óʱ£¬¿É½ÓÄÉ»ùÓÚϸ°ûºÍ×éÖ¯µÄÄ£×Ó£¨Èç¶þά»òÈýά×é֯ģ×Ó¡¢ÀàÆ÷¹ÙºÍ΢Á÷ÌåÄ£×ӵȣ©ÎªÓÐÓÃÐÔºÍÇå¾²ÐÔµÄÆÀ¹ÀÌṩÓÐÓõÄÔö²¹ÐÅÏ¢¡±¡£
¡¶»ùÒòÖÎÁƲúÆ··ÇÁÙ´²Ñо¿ÓëÆÀ¼ÛÊÖÒÕÖ¸µ¼ÔÔò£¨ÊÔÐУ©¡·Ö¸³ö£¬¡°ÓÉÓÚÖÖÊôºÍÃâÒß״̬µÄ²î±ð£¬»ùÒòÖÎÁƲúÆ·ÔÚÈËÌåÄڵıí´ï¡¢ÂþÑܺÍ×÷ÓÃÓëÔÚÄ£×Ó¶¯ÎïÖпÉÄÜÓнϴó²î±ð£¬¿ÉÑ¡ÓÃÌæ»»²úÆ·£¨ÈçÖÎÁÆ»ùÒòʹÓÃÀ´×ÔÄ£×Ó¶¯ÎïµÄͬԴ»ùÒò£¬»òʹÓûùÒòÐÞÊεÄÄ£×Ó¶¯Îïϸ°û¡¢×éÖ¯ºÍÀàÆ÷¹ÙµÈ£©¾ÙÐÐ POCÑо¿¡£¡±
º£ÄÚÏà¹Ø±ê×¼Ò»Ö±ÍêÉÆ£¬È硶ÈË賦µÀÉÏƤÓëÖ×ÁöÀàÆ÷¹Ù±ê×¼²Ù×÷Ö¸ÄÏÕûÌå±ê×¼¡·¡¢¡¶Ö°Ô±·Î°©ÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÊÖÒչ淶¡·¡¢¡¶ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÒ©ÎïÃô¸ÐÐÔ¼ì²âÖ¸µ¼Ö×Áö¾«×¼ÖÎÁÆÁÙ´²Ó¦ÓÃר¼Ò¹²Ê¶£¨2022Äê°æ£©¡·¡¢¡¶Ö×ÁöÀàÆ÷¹ÙÕïÖÎƽ̨µÄÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƱê×¼Öйúר¼Ò¹²Ê¶£¨2022Äê°æ£©¡·µÈ£¬ÕâһϵÁÐÐÐÒµ¹²Ê¶½«¼ÓËÙÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕÔÚÐÂÒ©Ñз¢ÁìÓò×÷Ϊ±ê×¼»¯ÆÀ¼ÛÄ£×Ó£¬Ìṩ¹ú¼ÒÒ©É󲿷ÖÈÏ¿ÉÊý¾ÝµÄÀú³Ì¡£
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÏà¹ØÆóÒµ½üÄêÀ´±¬·¢¶à±Ê²¢¹º¡¢ÈÚ×ÊÊÂÎñ£¬EmulateºÍ XilisµÄÈÚ×ÊÒ»Ö±Íƶ¯×ÅÐÐÒµ×ßÏòÈÚ×ÊÐÂá¯Áë¡£EmulateÖÁ½ñÈÚ×Ê×ܶîÒѳ¬2.2ÒÚÃÀÔª¡£
ÉúÃü¿Æѧ¾Þͷͨ¹ý²¢¹º»òÏàÖú·½·¨ÇÐÈëÀàÆ÷¹ÙÈüµÀ¡£Ç¿Éú¡¢°¢Ë¹Àû¿µ¡¢»ÔÈðµÈ£¬´Ó2015Äê×îÏȽ½ÐøÐøÓëÀàÆ÷¹Ù¹«Ë¾½¨ÉèÏàÖú£¬½«ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÕûºÏ½øÄÚ²¿ÊµÑéÊÒ¡£
±ðµÄ£¬ÓÉ°¬²®Î¬¡¢Ä¬¿Ë¡¢Åµ»ªµÈ20Óà¼ÒTOPÒ©ÆóÅäºÏ½¨Éè·ÇÓªÀû×éÖ¯IQͬÃË£¨Innovationand Quality Consortium£©£¬ÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÍƶ¯ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒյıê×¼»¯Ó¦Óã¬ÒÔ¼ÓËÙÒ©ÎïÑз¢Àú³Ì¡£
2022Äê3Ô£¬¡°¹ú¼ÊÀàÆ÷¹Ùʼ×桱Hans CleversÕýʽ³ÉΪÂÞÊÏÖÆÒ©Research and Early Development²¿·ÖµÄÈÏÕæÈË£¬×¨×¢ÓÚʹÓÃÀàÆ÷¹Ù¸üºÃµØÕ¹ÍûºòÑ¡Ò©ÎïµÄÇå¾²ÐÔºÍÓÐÓÃÐÔ¡£
3.¸ùÉîµÙ¹Ì Ö¦·±Ò¶Ã¯
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÉÏÓÎÒÔÊÔ¼ÁºÄ²ÄÆóҵΪÖ÷£¬Ïà¹Ø×Ô¶¯»¯×°±¸ÆóÒµ¶à´¦ÓÚÑз¢½×¶Î¡£
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÖƱ¸ÐèÓõ½×éÖ¯ÔËÊäÉúÑÄÒº¡¢×éÖ¯Ïû»¯Òº¡¢ºìϸ°ûÁѽâÒº¡¢»ùÖʽº¡¢ÈóÏ´Òº¡¢ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÏû»¯Òº¡¢»ù´¡×÷Óý»ù¡¢ÀàÆ÷¹Ù¶³´æÒº¡¢Éú³¤Òò×ÓµÈÊÔ¼Á£¬´ÓÁ÷³ÌÉÏ¿É·ÖΪ×é֯ø½âÊÔ¼ÁºÐ¡¢ÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÊÔ¼ÁºÐ¡¢À©ÔöÊÔ¼ÁºÐ¡¢¶³´æËÕÐÑÊÔ¼ÁºÐ¡£
ÔÚÀàÆ÷¹ÙÉú³¤ÀúÊ·ÖУ¬Hans CleversÍŶӹØÓÚÀàÆ÷¹ÙÉú³¤Òò×ÓÑо¿Æðµ½ÁËÖÁ¹ØÖ÷ÒªµÄ×÷Óã¬ÕâÊÇÀàÆ÷¹ÙÄܹ»ÎȹÌ×÷ÓýµÄÒªº¦¡£ÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÊÔ¼ÁºÐµÄ½¹µã×÷ÓÃÊǼá³Öϸ°û¸ÉÐÔ£¬ÒÖÖÆϸ°û·Ö½â£¬Ôö½øϸ°û×ÔÎÒ¸üС£°üÀ¨¸ß»îÐÔÉú³¤Òò×ÓµÄÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÊÔ¼ÁÊÇÁ÷³ÌµÄÖØÖÐÖ®ÖØ¡£
ÔÚHans CleversÖ®ºó£¬´ó×ÚµÄÑо¿ÊµÑéÁ˲î±ðµÄÉú³¤Òò×Ó×éºÏ¡£ÕâЩ×éºÏ£¬Wnt¡¢BMPi¡¢EGFÊDZز»¿ÉȱµÄÉú³¤Òò×Ó×éºÏ£¬Òâζ×ÅÕâÈýÕßÊÇÄܹ»ÓÐÎȹ̡¢ÓÅÒì×÷ÓýЧ¹ûµÄ×îСÊÔ¼Á×éºÏ¡£ÓÉÓÚÈýÖÖÉú³¤Òò×Ó¾ùΪ×ÔÈ»ÂÑ°×£¬ÎÞ·¨Ö±½Ó×öÂÑ°×µÄרÀû±£»¤£¬Òò´ËHans Clevers¶ÔÕâÒ»×îС×éºÏ£¨ÉÌÓó¡¾°£©¾ÙÐÐÁËÑÏÃܵÄרÀû±£»¤¡£ÕâЩ·¢Ã÷×÷ΪHans CleversµÄÖ°Îñ·¢Ã÷£¬¿É¹©Hubrecht Organioid Technology£¨HUB£©ÕâÒ»Ñо¿»ú¹¹¶ÔÍâÊÚȨʹÓá£2014Ä꣬STEMCELL TechnologyÓëHUBÇ©ÊðÁËÔÊÐíÐÒ飬³ÉΪÆäÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÊÔ¼ÁµÄ¶À¼Ò¹©Ó¦ÉÌ¡£
ÔÚ´ËÖ®Í⣬¹ú²ú¹«Ë¾²®èåÉúÎïÁí±Ùõ辶£¬ÍÑÀëHans CleversÊÖÒÕϵͳ£¬Ìṩȫ×ÔÖ÷֪ʶ²úȨµÄ×÷ÓýÊÔ¼Á¡£²®èåÉúÎï»ùÓÚ·¢ÓýÉúÎïѧ¡¢½á¹¹ÉúÎïѧÑо¿£¬ÆÊÎö·¢ÓýͼÆ×¼°×é֯΢ÇéÐΣ¬·¢Ã÷еÄ×÷Óýµ÷¿Øͨ·£»ÍŽáÂÑ°×Öʹ¤¾ß½ø»¯Æ½Ì¨£¬´òÔìÁËȫеÄÉú³¤Òò×Ó¡£»ùÓÚ²®èåÊÔ¼ÁµÄÀàÆ÷¹ÙÎÄÕÂÒѽÒÏþÔÚ¡¶Cell Stem Cell¡·¡¢¡¶Nature Communications¡·¡¢¡¶Cell Research¡·µÈȨÍþÆÚ¿¯¡£
Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚÒªº¦µÄÀàÆ÷¹ÙÁìÓò£¬ÐγÉÁËÏà¶Ô¢¶ÏµÄʱÊÆ£¬GMP¼¶¹©Ó¦É̽öÓÐSTEMCELL Technology£¨HUBÊÚȨ£©Óë²®èåÉúÎеÄ×÷Óýµ÷¿Øͨ·£¬È˹¤Éè¼ÆÂÑ°×£©¡£
ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÖÐÓÎΪÌṩÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕЧÀ͵ÄÆóÒµ£¬ÏÂÓÎÖ÷Òª°üÀ¨Ò½Ò©ÆóÒµ¡¢CRO¡¢¿ÆÑÐÔºËù¡¢Ò½ÔºµÈ¡£ÖÐÓÎÆóҵͨ¹ýÏà¶Ô±ê×¼»¯µÄ²úÆ·ºÍЧÀÍ£¬½«ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÕâÒ»Á¢ÒìÊÖÒÕ£¬ÐγÉϸ·ÖµÄ½â¾ö¼Æ»®ÌṩӦÏÂÓΡ£ÏÂÓοͻ§ÓÉÓÚÑз¢Ð§ÂÊ¡¢¾«×¼ÕïÁƵÈÐèÇó£¬Æð¾¢ÓëÖÐÓÎÆóÒµ»¥¶¯£¬¾³£ÐγÉÍŽῪ·¢µÄ¹Øϵ£¬Ôö½øÁËÓ¦ÓÃת»¯¡£
¾ÝBCC Research¹ÀË㣬2027ÄêÈ«ÇòÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊг¡¹æÄ£½«´ï33ÒÚÃÀÔª¡£ÔÚ¹¤ÒµÉú³¤³õÆÚ£¬·¢ÓýÉúÎïѧ×÷ΪÀàÆ÷¹ÙµÄÒýÇæºÍÖ÷Õ½³¡£¬Õ¼Óнü30%Êг¡·Ý¶î¡£Ò©Îï·¢Ã÷ºÍ¾«×¼Ò½Áƽ«ÊÇδÀ´ÎåÄêÔöËÙ×î¿ìµÄϸ·ÖÊг¡¡£
×Ô2015Äê×îÏÈ£¬ÀàÆ÷¹Ù´ÓÏóÑÀËþ×ßÏò¹¤Òµ£¬ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÆóÒµ¶à´øÓÐÃ÷È·µÄ¿ÆÑÐÍŶÓÉ«²Ê£¬ÀýÈçEmulateÀ´×Ô¹þ·ð´óѧ£¬HesperosÀ´×Ô¿µÄζû´óѧ£¬Xilis ÔòÓÉHans CleversÍŽὨÉè¡£º£ÄÚ£¬²®èåÉúÎïÀ´×Ô¸´µ©´óѧÀàÆ÷¹ÙÖÐÐÄ£¬µ¤ÍûÒ½ÁÆÀ´×Ô¸´µ©´óѧҽѧԺ£¬´´Ð¾¹ú¼ÊÀ´×Ô°ÄÃÅ´óѧ¡£Î´À´ÀàÆ÷¹Ù´Ó¿ÆÑй¤¾ßÏòÉúÎïÒ½Ò©»ù´¡¹¤¾ßÉú³¤£¬ÈÔÓв»ÉÙÌôÕ½ÐèÒª½â¾ö¡£
£¨1£©±ê×¼»¯£ºÀàÆ÷¹ÙÉÐȱ·¦±ê×¼µÄÖƱ¸Á÷³ÌºÍϵͳ£¬¸÷Æ×ϵºÍ°©ÖÖµÄ×÷ÓýÒªÁìºÍЧ¹ûǧ²îÍò±ð£¬Î´À´ÒÀÀµÓÚÖÐÏÂÓÎÆóÒµÔÚ»¥¶¯ÖÐÐγÉϸÆÊÎö¾ö¼Æ»®ºÍ±ê×¼¡£
£¨2£©¸ßͨÁ¿£º¸ßͨÁ¿ÒÀÀµÓÚ×Ô¶¯»¯×°±¸µÄÖ§³Ö£¬°üÀ¨×Ô¶¯»¯ÊÂÇéÕ¾¡¢Î¢Á÷¿Ø¡¢Ï¸ÃÜÒÇÆ÷µÈÊÖÒÕ¡£×Ô¶¯»¯ÊµÏÖµÄÒªº¦ÔÚÓÚ½¨Éè±ê×¼»¯×÷Óýϵͳ¡¢½â¾öÀàÆ÷¹ÙųÈõС³ß´çµÈÊÖÒÕÄѵ㡣
£¨3£©¶àÊÖÒÕÍŽ᣺ÍŽá¸ßÄÚÔÚ³ÉÏñ¡¢AIµÈ¿çѧ¿ÆÒªÁì¿É½øÒ»²½ÌáÉýͨÁ¿£¬Ìá¸ß¿É¿¿ÐÔÎȹÌÐÔ¡£ÁíÍ⣬½«CRISPRÊÖÒÕÓëÀàÆ÷¹ÙÏàÍŽᣬÄܹ»ÊµÏÖ¾«×¼Ñо¿¼òµ¥»ùÒòÍ»±ä¶Ôϸ°ûµÄÓ°Ï죬´Ó¶ø½¨ÉèÆð»ùÒòÐͺͱíÐ͵ĹØÁªÐÔ¡£ÈçÏÖÂÞÊÏÖÆÒ©Ñо¿ºÍÔçÆÚ¿ª·¢²¿·ÖÈÏÕæÈËHans CleversµÄÍŶÓ×î½üÔÚÔÓÖ¾¡¶Nature Biotechnology¡·ÉϽÒÏþµÄÑо¿£¬¼´ÊÇʹÓÃAPOBºÍMTTPÍ»±äÀàÆ÷¹Ù½¨ÉèÁËÒ»¸ö»ùÓÚCRISPRµÄɸѡƽ̨£¬ÒÔʶ±ðÖ¬·¾±äÐÔµ÷Àí¼Á/°Ðµã£¬²¢ÆÀ¹ÀNAFLDΣº¦»ùÒò¡£
£¨4£©ºÏ¹æ»¯£ºÀàÆ÷¹ÙÏÂÓÎÓ¦ÓÃÐèҪȫÁ÷³ÌµÄºÏ¹æ»¯£¬ÀýÈçGMP¼¶ÊÔ¼Á¡¢ÈËÔ´ÀàÆ÷¹ÙµÄÂ×ÀíºÏ¹æ¡¢ÀàÆ÷¹Ù¿âÉÌÓúϹ桢ÐÂÐÍÒ½ÁÆÊÖÒÕÈëÔºµÈ¡£ÆäÖУ¬ÀàÆ÷¹ÙµÄÈËÒÅÊôÐÔ±¸ÊܹØ×¢¡£×÷ΪԴúϸ°û»ò×éÖ¯µÄÑÜÉúÎÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÇ·ñÊôÓÚÈËÀàÒÅ´«×ÊÔ´ÖÊÁÏÈÔ²»Ã÷È·£¬ÏêϸµÄÖÎÀí»®¶¨ÕýÔÚÖð²½ÍêÉÆ¡£
4.º£ÄÚÏà¹Ø¹«Ë¾
²®èåÉúÎィÉèÓÚ2021Ä꣬Ìṩº£ÄÚΨһ×ÔÖ÷֪ʶ²úȨÊÔ¼Á+×°±¸ÀàÆ÷¹Ù½â¾ö¼Æ»®£¬ÊµÏÖÉÏÓÎƽ̨ϵͳȫ±Õ»·¡£¹«Ë¾Ê×´´ÍŶÓÀ´×Ô¸´µ©´óѧÀàÆ÷¹ÙÖÐÐÄ£¬ÍŶÓÉî¸ûÀàÆ÷¹ÙÓ¦Óó¬Ê®Ä꣬¹¹½¨È«ÇòÊ×ÀýÈËÔ´ÀàÆ÷¹ÙйÚѬȾģ×Ó¡£ÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÊÔ¼Á·½Ã棬»ùÓÚÀàÆ÷¹Ùϵͳ¿ª·¢¡¢ÂÑ°×Öʹ¤¾ß½ø»¯Æ½Ì¨£¬Í»ÆÆÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕÉÏÓηâ±Õ£¬²¢¾ß±¸GMP¼¶Éú²úÄÜÁ¦£»Ðû²¼¹ú¼ÊÊ×̨Ê×ÖƵÄ×Ô¶¯»¯ÊÂÇéÕ¾£¬ÓÃÓÚ¸ßͨÁ¿ÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷Óý¼°Ò©Îïɸѡ¡£ÏÖÔÚÒÑÍê³É½üÒÚÔªAÂÖÈÚ×Ê¡£
¿Æ;ҽѧ½¨ÉèÓÚ2016Ä꣬ÊÇרעÓÚÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕÑз¢ÓëÉÌҵת»¯µÄÆóÒµ¡£ÏÖÔÚÓµÓÐÑз¢ÖÐÐÄ£¬ÁÙ´²Ò½Ñ§Ä¥Á·Ëù¼°GMP¼¶Ï¸°û×÷ÓýÉú²ú»ùµØºÍʵÑ鶯Îï»ùµØ¡£30Óà¸ö·¢Ã÷רÀû¡¢Ö×ÁöÀàÆ÷¹Ù¼²²¡Ä£×Ó¿âÒÔ¼°ÀàÆ÷¹Ù×÷ÓýÈ«Á÷³Ì²úÆ·¡£¿ÉΪÉúÎïҽѧ¿ÆѧÑо¿¡¢Ò©ÎïÑз¢ºÍÁÙ´²¾«×¼Ò½ÁÆÌṩ±ê×¼»¯×¨ÒµÀàÆ÷¹Ù²úÆ·ºÍÊÖÒÕЧÀÍ¡£ÏÖÔÚÒÑÍê³ÉÊýÍòÍòÔªBÂÖÈÚ×Ê¡£
´´Ð¾¹ú¼Ê½¨ÉèÓÚ2018Ä꣬ÊÇÒ»¼ÒÒÔÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕΪ½¹µãµÄÁ¢ÒìÐÍÉúÎïÒ½ÁÆÆóÒµ£¬ÏÂÉèÖÐÅ·ÀàÆ÷¹ÙÑо¿Ôº¡¢µÚÈý·½Ò½Ñ§Ä¥Á·ËùÓëÀàÆ÷¹ÙÑз¢ÊÖÒÕƽ̨¡£´´Ð¾¹ú¼ÊÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÁÙ´²¸öÌ廯ÖÎÁÆ¡¢ÐÂÒ©Ñз¢¼°ÔÙÉúҽѧÈý¸öÆ«Ïò£¬ÓµÓÐÍêÕûµÄÀàÆ÷¹Ù¹¤ÒµÁ´£¬ÔÚ±±¾©¡¢¹ãÖÝ¡¢ÉϺ£¡¢°ÄÃźÍÒâ´óÀûÃ×À¼»®·ÖÉèÁ¢ÁËÑз¢ÖÐÐÄ£¬Í¬Ê±ÓëÌìÏÂÁè¼Ý60¼Ò½¹µãÒ½Ôº¿ªÕ¹ÁËÁÙ´²¼°¿ÆÑÐÏàÖú£¬ÔÚ10¸ö½¹µã¶¼»á½¨ÉèʵÑéÊÒ¡£ÏÖÔÚÒÑÍê³É1ÒÚÔªPre-BÂÖÈÚ×Ê¡£
µ¤ÍûÒ½Áƽ¨ÉèÓÚ2019Ä꣬ÊÇÒ»¼Ò¶¨Î»È«ÇòµÄÉúÎïÒ½Ò©¹«Ë¾¡£µ¤ÍûÒ½ÁÆÖÂÁ¦ÓÚ½«ÁìÏȵÄÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕÓÃÓÚÁÙ´²×ª»¯£¬°üÀ¨¶Ô¼²²¡µÄÕïÁÆ¡¢ÐÂҩɸѡ¡¢Ö×Áö±ê¼ÇÎ↑·¢ÓëÅжϣ¬ÎªÁÙ´²»¼ÕßÌṩ¸öÐÔ»¯µÄ¾«×¼ÖÎÁƼƻ®£¬Í¬Ê±ÎªÒ©ÆóÌṩ¡°Ò»Õ¾Ê½¡±¾«×¼¡¢¸ßЧ¡¢ÓÅÖʵÄÀàÆ÷¹ÙÐÂÒ©Ñз¢Ð§ÀÍ£¬ÊÇרעÀàÆ÷¹Ù¼²²¡Ä£×ÓµÄƽ̨Ð͹«Ë¾¡£Ê×´´ÈË»ª¹úÇ¿²©Ê¿Éî¸ûÀàÆ÷¹ÙÊÖÒÕÊ®ÓàÄ꣬¾ßÓи»ºñµÄ¼²²¡Ä£×Ó½¨ÉèºÍÒ©ÎïÑз¢ÁÙ´²Ç°¿ª·¢ÂÄÀú¡£ÏÖÔÚÒÑÍê³É¹ýÒÚÔªAÂÖÈÚ×Ê¡£
²Î¿¼×ÊÁÏ£º
1.?Li Y, Tang P, Cai S, Peng J, Hua G. Organoid based personalized medicine: from bench to bedside. Cell Regen. 2020;9(1):21. doi:10.1186/s13619-020-00059-z
2.?Intra-tumour diversification in colorectal cancer at the single-cell level | Nature. Accessed June 27, 2023. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0024-3
3. Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Vatsiou A, et al. Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Science. 2018;359(6378):920-926. doi:10.1126/science.aao2774
4. Cholangiocyte organoids can repair bile ducts after transplantation in the human liver | Science. Accessed June 29, 2023.
5. van de Wetering M, Francies HE, Francis JM, et al. Prospective derivation of a Living Organoid Biobank of colorectal cancer patients. Cell. 2015;161(4):933-945. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.053
6. Park SE, Georgescu A, Huh D. Organoids-on-a-chip. Science. 2019;364(6444):960-965. doi:10.1126/science.aaw7894
7. Zhou Z, Van der Jeught K, Fang Y, et al. An organoid-based screen for epigenetic inhibitors that stimulate antigen presentation and potentiate T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat Biomed Eng. 2021;5(11):1320-1335. doi:10.1038/s41551-021-00805-x